(Bismillah-ir-rahmaan-irraheem)
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Shah Saheb RA now speaks about issues that have been raised in the Shariah but not clearly explained nor expounded. Because the issues were not clearly explained, scholars and philosophers have jumped in to fill the void. Most people agreed on the basic premise as mentioned in the Shariah but when the details and explanations were being derived, they disagreed with each other. As an example, everyone agreed that Allah ST can both see and hear. But disagreements popped up while explaining how Allah ST sees and hears.
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One group argued: We need to understand the real reason for accepting the various attributes of Allah ST? Why does Allah ST need to "see" and "hear"? Surely, he does see and hear. However, there is no difference between the seven attributes (hearing/listening etc.) of Allah ST and His Rehamat and His anger and His Elegance (4.00) This is because Sunnah did not highlight the difference. So, who are we to differentiate between the attributes.
Another group said: Everyone agreed on other attributes of Allah ST like him being present in Arsh and also His smile, happiness and Him having a face etc. By Allah ST having a presence in the Arsh actually meant, He had dominance over the Arsh (not necessarily a physical presence?)
A third group said: We all agree on the features and attributes of Allah ST as described by Him and our Most beloved prophet Mohammed Salallahu-alaihi-wassalam. We will accept the facts on their face value and not try figure out how, why or where.
Shah Saheb RA mentions about all the three groups and discusses their views.
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A LITTLE HISTORY:
Before we understand Shah Saheb RA's discussions, let us understand the background a little. Understand the dynasties and who introduced Philosophy to Islam and how. Who all rose up against these illicit introductions of philosophy within the religion.
Usually, the Khulafa (rulers) were a well educated and knowledgeable lot. We are not even considering the Khulafa-e-Rasheedeen (the first four rightly guided Khalifa who came after our beloved Prophet Mohammed Salallahu-alaihi-wassalam.) In real terms, our beloved Prophet Mohammed Salallahu-alaihi-wassalam had informed us, the Khilafat will exist 30 years after his passing away. Khilafat of Ali RA ceased to exist after 29yrs and 6 months of the passing away of our most beloved and blessed Prophet Mohammed Salallahu-alaihi-wassalam. For the next 6 months Hasan RA was the Khalifa. Hasan RA faced an opposition from Muawiya RA.
When Khalifa Hasan RA realized that his army and the army of Muawaiya RA faced an imminent battle, he took a decisive step. When the two armies came face to face on the battlefield, he approached Muawiya RA and asked of him to accept certain conditions. (9.20) If Muawiya RA accepted those conditions, Hasan RA would return back with his army. He did not want muslims to fight with each other.
Muawiya RA was such a humble hearted and trust worthy person that he took a blank sheet of paper and stamped the seal of his Khilafat on it and handed off to Hasan RA. Hasan RA then wrote all the conditions he wanted adhered to on the paper. (Amongst the conditions, Hasan RA asked for a stipend of more than ten thousand dirham monthly for his brother and himself.) Muawiya RA signed the conditions off without any argument.
Muawiya RA passed away during the 60th Hijri. After his death, the Battle of Karbala happened to pass! We all know the atrocities of Yazid (who was the son of Muawiya RA) and his army. After Yazid came his son as the new Khalifa. During his inaugural speech, he wondered what it meant to be the Khalifa. If Khilafat was a good thing and was a blessing then, he claimed, the Khilafat of the grand father (Muawiya RA) was enough for his whole family. If it was indeed a curse then the whole family still had to pay for the deeds of his father, according to him. Therefore he renounced his Khilafat. Soon after, he fell sick and passed away withing a few months.
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UMMAYADS DYNASTY:
After his passing away, two people took over the Khilafat: Marwan ibn Hakim in Medina and Abdullah-ibn-Zubair in Mecca. The Khilafat of the Marwan Ibn Hakim started the
Umayyad Dynasty. Marwan had two sons:

Abdul Aziz and Abdul Malik.
Before Abdul Aziz could inherit the Khilafat, he passed away paving way for Abdul Malik. Then the descendants of Abdul Malik continued being the Khalifa. Read the following post to get an idea of the years and
lineage of Khalifa. After Abdul Malik, Walid became the Khalifa for some time before passing on the throne to Sulaiman.
When Khalifa Solaiman was in his death bed, he realized that all his children were underage and could not be appointed as the next Khalifa. They could not handle the burdens of the Khilafat. (He even tried passing them of as older than they were by asking them to wear bigger clothes and brandishing bigger swords. He soon realized its futility and gave up.) He asked for advise from his confidant and a pious man, Raja RA. Raja RA recommended that
Umar bin Abdul Aziz RA (who also happened to be the husband of Khalifa Solaiman's sister) be appointed the next Khalifa. To make sure that the lineage came back to Khalifa Solaiman's children, an agreement be signed with Umar bin Abdul Aziz (RA).
(After the death of Solaiman there was a chance of revolt and mutiny. So when Khalifa Solaiman passed away Raja RA did not announce the passing away of the Khalifa. Instead he declared that the Khalifa has chosen the successor. He made the all influential members and next of kin of the Khalifa Solaiman pledge to be loyal to whoever is picked as the next Khalifa. Only after getting their promises did he declared the death of Solaiman the named Umar bin Abdul Aziz RA as the next Khalifa. He knew people would not favor Umar bin AbdulAziz for his straight forwardness, fairness and piety.)
This way the path was paved for one of the best Khalifa the muslim Ummah was blessed with.
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Remaining Ummayeds:
After the passing away of Umar bin Abdul Aziz RA, the Khilafah returned back to the children of Abdul Malik. The Khulafa that followed Abdul Aziz RA started troubling their subjects. Soon, their atrocities of the
Ummayeds reached a zenith. A lot of these atrocities can be read in the history books. A lot of scholars and descendants of our Prophet Salallahu-alaihi-wassalam were harassed and killed.
Soon the Ummayeds faced an uprising from the Abbasyis and were uprooted from Baghdad. Abbasyis were the direct descendants of our Prophet Salallahu-alaihi-wassalam's uncle (chacha - father's brother.) (14.44) The Ummayeds ran from Baghdad and continued their dynasty in Spain.
Though they were very unjust and cruel rulers, the Ummayads Khulafa were highly educated. They also stressed on having their children taught by best scholars.
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TIDBITS:
If we observe, we see that Allah ST combined the Knowledge of the Book (of Sunnah) and the Khilafat (Governance/Rule) together. (7.45) As an example, Allah ST combined these two during the rule of Dawood alaihi-assalam. Not only was he a Prophet, but also the ruler of his people.